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Social Welfare in Europe and North AmericaPosted by Editors in European Issues, Transatlantic Relations, US Domestic and Cultural Issues on Friday, September 19. 2008
This is a guest post from Andrew Zvirzdin. Originally from upstate New York, Andrew is currently pursuing a Master's degree from the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies in Bologna, Italy. He previously studied at Université Libre Bruxelles, University of Rome Tor Vergata, and Brigham Young University. He has worked on the Foreign Affairs Committee of the European Parliament and as an Assistant Editor for Scandinavian Studies. Andrew specializes in political economy, international finance, and EU–US relations.
Freedom Fries are out of style, but Europe is still taking a beating this campaign season. Republicans are gleefully using Barack Obama's recent visit to Europe as evidence that he wishes to import European-style welfare states back to the United States “to grab even more of our liberty and destroy our hard-earned livelihood,” as Mike Huckabee recently put it. Just how evil are European welfare states compared to the United States? OECD data indicates that the differences may not be as large as we may think. Consider two key indicators: Publicly Mandated Social Expenditure (as % of GDP, 2003)
France 29.8 Germany 29.5 Sweden 29.2 Belgium 26 Italy 25.3 Austria 23.9 Denmark 23.8 Norway 23.8 Iceland 23.2 Portugal 23.2 UK 22.8 Finland 22.7 Czech Republic 21.5 Netherlands 20.6 Spain 19.6 Canada 19.5 United States 18.9 Slovak Republic 17.8 Ireland 15.6 Fiscal support for families (as % of GDP, 2003) *Includes cash, services, and tax breaks for families* Denmark 4 France 3.8 Norway 3.6 Sweden 3.5 United Kingdom 3.4 Iceland 3.2 Austria 3.1 Finland 3.0 Germany 3.0 Ireland 2.6 Slovak Republic 2.4 Czech Republic 2.4 Belgium 2.4 Netherlands 2.1 Portugal 1.7 United States 1.4 So where does the “destruction of hard-earned livelihood” begin? Does it begin when a country spends 20% of its GDP on social welfare programs? The 25% level? Does fiscal support for families at the 2% level demonstrate the evils of social welfare? When Americans speak of Europe's evil social welfare system, do they mean the German state corporatist model, the British targeted model, or the Swedish encompassing model? Yes, the United States spends less than Europe on social welfare. But the variation of social welfare spending within Europe is actually greater than the variation between the United States and Europe. I suspect that many Americans imagine the traditional Scandinavian model of social welfare when they think of Europe. Scandinavia comprises only 5% of Europe's population, however, and a Lithuanian or Spaniard would laugh if you told him that his government had an excessive social welfare system. Europe is a convenient punching bag for those in America who wish to point out the inefficiencies of large government. But the simple fact is that the United States has a large government too and probably has less to show for it, in terms of relative poverty reductions and social equity. Americans would do well to seriously consider the variations in social welfare systems in Europe and see what policies could work in the United States.
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Comments (32)
Defined tags for this entry: Anti-Europeanism, Culture, Election, Elections, Huckabee, McCain, Obama, Poverty, presidential candidate, Republicans, Stereotypes
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Marie Claude
- #1 - 2008-09-19 18:11 - (Reply)
back to the Government like the great market heroes on Wall Street ????????????
Don S
- #1.1 - 2008-09-20 04:50 - (Reply)
Everything, franchie? Not at all.
Marie Claude
- #1.1.1 - 2008-09-20 08:46 - (Reply)
Don, kidding ???
Max
- #2 - 2008-09-19 19:39 - (Reply)
Yep, all in all an accurate observation. I'd wager that the European welfare-system is a tad bit bigger and more efficient than the US scheme, at least, if you take the two biggest European players France and Germany.
Andrew Zvirzdin
- #2.1 - 2008-09-22 11:21 - (Reply)
Max, You bring up some good points and I agree with you that there are some serious efficiency issues in both Europe and the US. I guess the question then is, what level of inefficiency are we willing to have in order to have better welfare? Any time there is a public good with all that implies (Free riders, moral hazard, etc.) there is going to be some negative externalities. I guess the question both the US and Europe need to ask is how much is the country's health/well-being/equality worth?
quo vadis
- #3 - 2008-09-19 20:01 - (Reply)
There may be a some fundamental differences in the way Americans and Europeans see the function of welfare. I suspect that Americans tend to see welfare as a means of providing a minimum standard of living or to share risk rather than as a means of promoting social equity in general. Tax policy is the primary tool for wealth redistribution, but you have to earn income to benefit from a progressive tax policy.
David
- #4 - 2008-09-19 22:31 - (Reply)
I had to laugh when US Secretary of Education Spellings lamented last week that the US is "behind Denmark and Finland" in terms of the percent of younger working-age adults with post-secondary degrees. Both countries have essentially eliminated child poverty (approx. 2% of all children in both Denmark and Finland) while 22% of American children live in poverty.
Zyme
- #4.1 - 2008-09-20 10:34 - (Reply)
Smaller countries always have the advantage of being able to quickly react upon wrong social developments. The last numbers I recall showed child-poverty in Germany to be at 10% as well. Big countries relying on national models always do a bad job on reacting upon a large number of immigrants, who usually are in the poor pool - the solution might be to take a look at what parts of the authorities responsible for child welfare can be transformed to local agencies (to imitate the model of smaller countries)
John in Michigan, USA
- #4.1.1 - 2008-09-20 23:55 - (Reply)
"the solution might be to take a look at what parts of the authorities responsible for child welfare can be transformed to local agencies (to imitate the model of smaller countries)"
Zyme
- #4.1.1.1 - 2008-09-21 11:16 - (Reply)
Well thank your for those links - while I always wonder how you find such abundant information, even more interesting would be whether this was enacted and considered a success or abandoned later on ?
John in Michigan, USA
- #5 - 2008-09-21 00:37 - (Reply)
Andrew,
John in Michigan, USA
- #6 - 2008-09-21 00:47 - (Reply)
Andrew,
Andrew Zvirzdin
- #6.2 - 2008-09-22 11:37 - (Reply)
John,
Don S
- #6.2.1 - 2008-09-22 12:28 - (Reply)
I'd say a better comparison might be that in the US it's an emergency net, while in parts of Europe it more closely resembles a hammock.
John in Michigan, USA
- #6.2.2 - 2008-09-22 23:06 - (Reply)
"In the US, the government stole the net from your garage, and you are going to get it back from them some day. And how dare your neighbor use that net!"
John in Michigan, USA
- #6.2.3 - 2008-09-22 23:12 - (Reply)
"I think this is part of the reason why it is so difficult to talk about needed reforms in Europe."
Don S
- #7 - 2008-09-22 15:15 - (Reply)
Europe may be taking a bashing, and the culture wars are certainly getting a workout. Business as usual every 4 years.
Marie Claude
- #7.1 - 2008-09-22 16:08 - (Reply)
do we have to pay for foolish bank products of your allowed "free market's"
Don S
- #7.1.1 - 2008-09-22 16:39 - (Reply)
Because something has to be done to stem the crisis, perhaps? Because The US stepped in to stem another crisis - the European postwar crisis. And crisis after crisis sinece then, whether Made in the US - or not.
Marie Claude
- #7.1.1.1 - 2008-09-22 18:12 - (Reply)
yeah, the Marshall plan, OK, but that wasn't a bank product, and it's all paid back, as far we are concerned
Don S
- #7.1.1.1.1 - 2008-09-22 19:25 - (Reply)
And NATO, and a bunch of other things also. Things most people forget about because they are part of the wallpaper so to speak.
Marie Claude
- #7.1.1.1.1.1 - 2008-09-22 20:38 - (Reply)
Nato, we are a full contribuator, not a subventionned country and I doubt that if we get in a dips..t that you would lift the little finger
Andrew Zvirzdin
- #7.2 - 2008-09-22 17:16 - (Reply)
Well, as the "beacon of liberal economies," the US gets the credit when times are good and the blame when times go bad. And, I am sure America will get its share of the blame now.
Don S
- #7.2.1 - 2008-09-22 17:37 - (Reply)
Andrew, I rather doubt that ANYONE will be pursuing greater liberalisation after this. Decidedly including the US.
Andrew Zvirzdin
- #7.2.1.1 - 2008-09-22 18:20 - (Reply)
"People have been predicting the end of the hegemon for decades; this crisis brings that vision into sharp relief."
John in Michigan, USA
- #7.3 - 2008-09-23 00:30 - (Reply)
Don,
Don S
- #7.3.1 - 2008-09-23 00:47 - (Reply)
John, my analysis is nowhere near as detailed as that. It's more perhaps on the Spenglerian level, and also a study of the history of the UK, particularly the period 1865-1914 when the gloss was wearing off the British Empire. Though I read Spengler so long ago I don't really know whether that is BS or not.
Don S
- #8 - 2008-09-22 20:03 - (Reply)
"Exactly. To me, it reinforces the point that the prophecies of the end of the Hegemon are overblown. This too will pass, though hopefully we will be more willing to listen to arguments for stronger regulatory oversight and a more transparent financial sector."
John in Michigan, USA
- #8.1 - 2008-09-23 00:44 - (Reply)
The only way we can get all the way to a 1930s style Depression is if ignorant economic populists attempt to crush international trade (Smoot-Hawley) or something equally stupid (such as trying to tax our way out of the current mess). But it is possible -- there is plenty of that kind of populism on both sides of the Presidential race.
Don S
- #8.1.1 - 2008-09-23 01:00 - (Reply)
The road to hell takes many paths. Add Comment
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